Sampling saproxylic beetles: lessons from a 10-year monitoring study

We sampled saproxylic beetles using trunk window traps in two birch-dominated forests in Finland during 1990-1999. The sampling scheme, 10 traps attached to living fruiting bodies of Fomes fomentarius growing on dead birches, remained unchanged in both forests throughout the study period. Beetles belonging to 32 selected families were identified every year, whereas all species were identified during the last 4 years. Total number of identified individuals was 40,294 and number of species 583, of which 258 were saproxylic (dependent on dead wood). Species richness of rare and threatened saproxylic beetles in the samples varied a lot between the years and did not fluctuate synchronously between the forests. Variation between years was smaller when all saproxylic species were pooled together and some abundant species fluctuated synchronously in the two forests. Similarity indices and DCA-ordination did not generally suggest decreasing similarity between samples with increasing temporal isolation. Incidence-based similarities of common saproxylic species within and between forests and years were high (means 0.7-0.8), whereas those of rare saproxylics were roughly 50% smaller and much more variable. More than 75% of the common saproxylic species found during the entire 10-year period were detected already after 3 years of sampling but accumulation of rare and threatened species was much slower. Our results suggest that: (1) occurrence of rare and threatened species in samples is much less predictable than that of common species and, e.g. reserve selection based on rarities should be made cautiously; (2) estimation of total number of threatened species in a forest is very difficult, because such species accumulate slowly in the samples; (3) samples from different years can be comparable in certain cases.     

不同坡向杉木3代种子园土壤有效养分差异比较分析

以杉木3代种子园为研究对象,分析不同坡向杉木3代种子园土壤有效养分含量差异,从而为实现杉木种子园的合理施肥奠定理论基础。研究结果表明,同一坡向随着坡位上升以及同一坡位随着土层深度的增加,杉木3代种子园土壤有效养分含量呈逐渐下降趋势;同一坡位同一土层深度不同坡向对土壤有效养分含量的影响体现出较为复杂的规律。     

深化图书馆改革是增强文化活力的重要基石———初论图书馆事业在新时期国家发展中的战略地位

建设社会主义文化强国，关键是增强全民族的文化活力。为增强文化活力，就要深化文化体制改革，解放和发展文化生产力，发扬学术民主，艺术民主，为人民提供广阔文化舞台，让一切文化创造源泉充分涌流。而全面深化图书馆改革就属于深化文化体制改革这一战略规划的重要组成部分．具有不容忽视的战略地位，它必将为增强中华民族的文化活力、建设文化强国做出自身应有的贡献。     

浅析坡向、坡度、坡位对卫片色调的影响

文章以大兴安岭地区图强林业局 1999年森林资源二类调查成果为依据 ,探讨了坡向、坡度、坡位对卫片色调的影响 ,有助于建立目视解译标志 ,进行目视判读。从而减少林业调查外业工作量 ,降低成本 ,提高林业调查速度 ,缩短林业调查周期     

自走式亚麻脱粒翻铺机的脱粒机构

详细阐述了自走式亚麻脱粒翻铺机脱粒机构的结构和工作原理,通过建立1:1的实验模型验证了亚麻脱粒装置的旋转速度,进而确定设计的主要技术参数,并对该机构的位置关系进行了理论分析和计算。根据主要技术参数,设计出脱粒机构的主要部件—脱粒锥辊和压麻辊,并确定出锥辊变速箱的传动比及具体结构,完成主要部件的布局和设计。制作样机后与现有的多种亚麻脱粒机进行了对比实验,并对实验结果汇总分析,最后得出该脱粒机构是一种新型的、先进的脱粒装置这一结论。     

Effects of Night Temperature,Spikelet Position and Salicylic Acid on Yield and Yield‐Related Parameters of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Plants

Periodic episodes of heat stress and seasonally high night temperatures (HNT) are predicted to occur more frequently in the current changing weather environment. These events affect aspects of crop growth and development, including oxidative‐stress damage, reducing crop yield and quality. Salicylic acid (SA), a naturally occurring phenolic compound, associated with thermo‐tolerance, prevents oxidative damage by detoxifying superoxide radicals and altering antioxidant capacity in plants. A study was conducted to determine the effects of HNT and SA on multiple rice yield‐determining parameters with special emphasis on effects of HNT and SA at different spikelet positions in the panicle. Plants were grown under ambient night temperature (27 °C) or HNT (32 °C) in the greenhouse. They were subjected to HNT through use of continuously controlled infrared heaters, starting from 2000 h to 0600 h. The HNT did not affect productive tillers, main‐stem panicle length or number of primary branches per panicle; however, reduced yield resulted from significant negative effects on spikelet fertility (SF), grain length and width. The grains located at the base of the panicle showed decreased fertility, length and width. Application of SA increased antioxidant capacity, thereby preventing damage to membranes, hence increasing yield by predominantly affecting SF in rice plants.     

免耕措施下黑土区坡耕地土壤肥力质量评价

以东北黑土区坡耕地为研究对象,采集不同坡位(坡上位、坡中位、坡下位)深度(0～10、10～20 cm)土壤,研究免耕措施下土壤理化性状及土壤酶活性不同坡位变化情况,并用因子分析和土壤质量指数法综合评价土壤肥力质量。结果表明,免耕后各坡位土壤容重减小,土壤孔隙度扩大,全氮、有机质和速效钾含量增加,土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性呈升高趋势。随坡面向下,土壤容重呈减小趋势,土壤孔隙度、田间持水量和土壤含水量呈增大趋势。土壤全氮和有机质含量在不同坡位差异显著(P<0.05),主要集中在坡中位和坡下位较高;土壤铵态氮、土壤硝态氮、土壤有效磷、土壤速效钾含量主要集中在坡上位和坡下位较高,而pH主要集中在坡中位较高。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性表现为坡上位和坡下位较高,蔗糖酶活性坡中位和坡下位较高。通过因子分析将14项土壤指标分为5个公因子,即土壤肥力、水分、结构、养分和生物学因子。利用土壤质量指数分析坡耕地耕层特征发现,免耕一年后各土层坡下位土壤质量指数高于坡上位和坡中位,免耕两年后各土层为坡中位和坡下位土壤质量指数高于坡上位,说明坡下位形成相对平衡和较高肥力质量的土壤。与免耕前相比,经两年免耕后坡中位土壤质量得到改善。     

基于图像特征的小麦胚芽鞘识别

利用图像颜色特征,首先分割小麦种子图像进而确定小麦种子轮廓矩,根据其轮廓距确定小麦种子质心坐标,然后根据小麦胚芽鞘图像颜色特征对胚芽鞘图像进行分割、获取小麦胚芽鞘图像,其次利用Zhang-Suen并行快速细化算法对小麦胚芽鞘进行细化获取胚芽鞘骨骼线,进而获取骨骼线图像(单像素)上所有点对胚芽鞘骨骼线进行多段直线曲线近似,最后根据小麦种子轮廓质心坐标、胚芽鞘骨骼线近似曲线和切割距离(给定)确定胚芽鞘的姿态和对小麦胚芽鞘切割点位置进行定位。通过对小麦胚芽鞘30幅图片进行图像处理验证。结果表明,该方法能完整地提取小麦种子和胚芽鞘图像、小麦胚芽鞘姿态及位置信息。基于图像颜色特征的小麦胚芽鞘识别及定位方法,为小麦胚芽鞘的识别与分析提供了准确、快捷、可视的技术手段,对于构建胚芽鞘智能识别、定位的视觉系统及自动化切割装置的研究意义重大。     

玉米DH系15D969、D1279株高、穗位高的遗传育种效应研究

利用2份低穗位高DH系(15D969、D1279)、5份自交系(A6、PHB1M、B20、PH4CV、PH6WC)进行杂交、回交试验,对株高、穗位高效应进行研究分析。结果表明,DH系15D969所具有的低株高、低穗位高由隐性基因控制。相对于PH6WC×A6,15D969与PH6WC杂交效应不表达;DH系D1279同时具有高株高隐性基因和低穗位高部分显性基因,杂交组合PH6WC×D1279株高、穗位高显著低于先玉335(PH6WC×PH4CV),改良效果显著。     

Effects of commercial thinning,log position in the stem,and cutting width on the surface quality of cants produced by a chipper-canter

Fifteen stems of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) of 3 commercial thinned plots (control, moderate, and intensive thinning) and 15 stems of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P), both coming from the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region – Canada, were cross-cut into three 2.4?m length sections: bottom, middle, and top logs. Logs were processed with a chipper-canter at three cutting widths (12.7, 19.1, and 25.4?mm), producing chips and a three-faced cant. The middle section of the cant was used to evaluate surface quality across the grain on each face. Roughness and waviness parameters and depth of torn grain were recorded. Knot characteristics were assessed in the three cant faces. Poorer surface quality was found in the lower part compared to the upper part of the cant for both species. At larger cutting widths, jack pine logs coming from a natural stand showed lower surface quality compared to logs from thinned stands. Black spruce waviness increased with the cutting width and stem height. These results were attributed to the increase of forces and vibration when cutting at larger cutting widths, which was worsened by the presence of bigger, more numerous knots at the control plot and in the top logs. Black spruce had deeper torn grain compared to jack pine. Their differences in knot characteristics resulted in a maximum torn grain depth favored by the presence of more knots rather than by bigger knot size. Other knot characteristics, such as the position of the knots in the cant face, the insertion angle of the branch and the distribution of the knots around the log, should be studied to better understand the relationship between torn grain formation and knottiness.